weld stud concrete anchors. Shipping: For more than 1 or 2 boxes, LTL is a less expensive way to ship the headed concrete anchors. weld stud concrete anchors

 
 Shipping: For more than 1 or 2 boxes, LTL is a less expensive way to ship the headed concrete anchorsweld stud concrete anchors  We sell Weld Studs, Shear Connectors and Headed Concrete Studs by the piece or by the pallet

WELD STUD 1/2" X 6-1/8" Details; Item Information; Back Our weld studs are also referred to as headed concrete anchor. Cox Stud Welding stocks a full line of Arc Studs, Installation Studs and Refractory Studs, as well as having the largest inventory of stainless steel concrete anchors and shear connectors in the world. These general purpose concrete anchors are used in all types of concrete connections. They can be welded to a flat surface or to the inside or outside of an angle. Install like a stud anchor— just thread the anchor, a nut, and a washer onto the end of a threaded rod, drive into a hole, and turn the nut to expand the base. Choose from our selection of headed weld studs, including weld-on stud anchors for wet concrete, through-hole weld-on pins, and more. These general purpose concrete anchors are used in all types of concrete connections. They are designed for welding to flat surfaces or welding in the fillet or to the heel of angles. welding through metal decking. Also, wedge concrete anchors are widely used because it is easy to insert, corrosion-resistant, and among the strongest concrete anchors. These studs can sometimes be referenced as SC Studs, HL-4 Studs, HCA Studs. Weld Studs are installed using a drawn arc stud welding gun to create a permanent. They can be welded to a flat surface or to the inside or outside of an angle. Headed Anchor Studs are used in all types of concrete connections. If you don't see the stud you need, give us a call at 800-426-5667. Leave the screws loose until you make your final plunge adjustment. STUD WELDING STORE. 2004 Nelson Stud Welding Stud and Ferrule Catalog About this catalog:. Search for: Stud Welding Company, Inc. tru-weld cd stud welding gun; slim-line cd stud. They can be welded to a flat surface or to the inside or outside of an angle. 3. 1/2" Headed Concrete Anchors are most commonly used on embed plates and for composite applications at bent plate/pour stop to anchor the building's edge to the concrete. 3. Browse our website or contact us by phone at 800-722-7883 to place an order! Providing superior stud welding and stud welder parts and equipment isn't enough. Ferrules - All ARC Weld Studs are supplied with the correct ferrule for your application, if you do not see the option. Many features have been1/4" Headed Concrete Anchors are most commonly used on embed plates and for many other concrete connections. Length. Length of stud is before weld. AWS: The headed anchors meet AWS specifications. Weld studs, or headed concrete anchor studs, are unthreaded fasteners with an upset head and a ferrule ceramic collar and used in many types of concrete connections. Each Stud comes with a Ferrule ceramic cap to reduce spatter and give the weld a finished look. OUTSIDE ANGLE. What are Nelson studs used for in concrete? Headed Anchor Studs are used in all types of concrete connections. Available in Mild (Low Carbon) Steel, stainless steel and. CD Studs: Capacitor discharge weld studs range from 14 gauge to 3/8″ diameter. They can be welded to a flat surface or to the inside or outside of an angle. From $76. High strength epoxy secures the stud permanently in place. Stud diameters (D) 1/2 inch and below will be approximately 1/8 inch shorter after welding. L2L Lagging Stud with Hole. and concrete anchors (Type SD), also called shear connectors, upon request. This is accomplished by being internally threaded with a tapered thread that perfectly matches the rebar thread. The Sharktooth Anchor housing and the supporting weld stud are all below the surface. AISI C1010 through C1020. Home > Products > Weld Studs > CA08-162-11. Stud diameters 1/2” and under will be approximately 1/8” shorter after weld and stud diameters of 5/8” will be approximately 3/16” shorter after weld. Length: Length is before weld. Description: -set anchor bolts and washer on new concrete. Concrete Anchors Standard Mild Steel Studs Mild Steel Deformed Bar Anchors Stainless Steel Studs, as formed Stainless Steel Studs, as formed, post-annealed Yield, 0. 51 Anchorage to Concrete: Cast-In Anchors 1 . They are made of plain low carbon steel, have a 1" head and are designed for anchoring. Because of the inter connection or composite construction resists shear loading between the concrete and steel beams. The CA10-059-11 is 5/8″ in diameter by 3-11/16″ in length before welding. Length is approximately 1/8″ shorter after welding. Each Stud comes with a Ferrule ceramic cap to reduce spatter and give the weld a finished look. They can be welded to a flat surface or to the inside or outside of an angle. Nelson Stud Welding, Inc. Weld Studs are Commonly Used In: Buildings. Stud Anchors for Wet Concrete. Precast columns & beam connections. Available in Mild (Low Carbon) Steel, stainless steel and. Cast in Anchor - is only a headed bolt, headed stud, or hooked bolt. The anchor bolts are set it the pad footing and extended above the finished floor. D2L Deformed Bar Anchors. Ferrules - All ARC Weld Studs are supplied with the correct ferrule for your. Size range 1/4" to 1" dia. Ferrules – Flat ferrules are provided. Length is approximately 1/8″ shorter after welding. Home > Products > Weld Studs > CA10-131-11. Weld studs, including concrete anchors and shear connectors, are manufactured by Tru-Weld Stud Welding in The United. We also strive to deliver better service and unmatched expertise. Buckeye Fasteners manufactures and supplies a wide array of fasteners including weld screws, weld nuts, weld pins, CD and arc studs, headed concrete anchors, shear connectors, cage nuts, channel nuts, adjusting screws, Strux® nuts, pierce nuts, clinch nuts, stand-offs, cap nuts, acorn, thumb nuts, rivet nuts,. Steel Stud Anchors for Concrete. Give our office a call for a LTL rate quote at 800-426-5667. Steel Stud Anchors for Concrete. These general purpose concrete anchors are used in all types of concrete connections. Install them using conventional welding or specialized stud welders; a ferrule is included for use with stud. Design Chapter 17, “Anchoring to Concrete,” in ACI 318-141 provides design requirements for anchors in concrete used to transmit structural loads by tension, shear, or a combination thereof. AXC "Fir Tree" Studs. 6 Ultimate Tensile (psi), Rm 65,000 61,000 80,000 70,000 Yield, 0. com. 2. From the small everyday handheld tools, yard machinery, etc. Shear Connector Studs are designed to tie concrete to the steel beams and to reisist shear loadings between the concrete slab and steel beam in composite construction. Concrete Anchors 1/4″ Diameter Studs. Weld them to the framing to help it adhere to the concrete and resist sheer forces. Below are shown stock sizes for Concrete Anchors and Shear Connectors. Contract Connections Ltd is the leader in the specialised field of STUDWELDING in all forms. These general purpose concrete anchors are used in all types of concrete connections. Headed Weld Studs in Plain Steel with a 5/8" Diameter. Also known as a Headed Concrete Weld Stud, a Weld Stud Concrete Anchor is unthreaded and includes an upset head. 2. Unlike a weld stud, deformed bar anchors do not have a head and the bodies of the anchors are dimpled, similar to [email protected] Stud Welding, Inc. Post-Installed Anchor – expansion anchors, undercut anchors, adhesive anchors (including threaded rods)Wedge Inserts work with mated Askew Head Bolts. Choose from our selection of headed weld studs, including weld-on stud anchors for wet concrete, through-hole weld-on pins, and more. Weld fasteners are a good solution for creating a super-strong and permanent connection between steel and the fastener. 99. The specimens were fabricated by four manufacturers from different parts of the United States to obtain a sample of weld quality in practice. Anchor with Included Ferrule. If you have questions or need assistance with your order, our friendly and knowledgeable team is here to ensure that you get the right equipment for the job by calling 800-936-1948. Wedge Insert. Tensile. After welding, concrete anchors will be approximately 1/8″ shorter for 1/2″ studs, or 3/16″ shorter for 5/8 studs. Since 1939, Nelson ® has been creating powerful, cost-effective stud welding fasteners and equipment — providing engineered components, split-second fastening, training, and application support that improve productivity for construction, nuclear, shipbuilding, and industrial markets. Choose from our selection of masonry anchors, including light duty anchors, stud anchors, and more. )156 101-098-039 drawings. Size: ½ x 1-1/8 Ferrules: All orders for studs include required ferrules Length: Length is before weld. 99. 1,296 lbs. We have a project with composite beams composed of steel beams with 3-in. 628 inches (16 mm). This process uses heat from resistance to an electrical current. Item # Type Length; 102-0108-01: Type N/A 1" Assembly (or 1/2 HCA) Length N/A 3-1/2 in. Typical connection using deformed bar anchor studs in a precast/prestressed concrete tee. 1-800-523-5092. HEADED, SHEAR & DEFORMED STUDS. We offer high-quality anchor bolt and screw accessories. Length is approximately 1/8″ shorter after welding. The anchor is welded to the steel in the fabrication shop, usually with a penetration weld. The main difference is a Wedge Insert has. PH 1-800-NEL-WELD E-mail: Nelson. Stud-Style Anchors for Hollow Block and Brick. Choose from our selection of steel stud anchors, 18-8 stainless steel stud anchors, weld-on stud anchors, and more. is the online store for Stud Welding & Fasteners, Inc. Anchor reinft strength is used to replace concrete tension / shear breakout strength as per. Below are shown stock sizes for Concrete Anchors and Shear Connectors. com 7900 West Ridge Road 1-800-635-9353 Elyria, Ohio 44035. Steel Stud Anchors for Concrete. Welded-headed studs have been used to connect con-crete components to other structural el-ements for decades. Compare. The CA06-058-11 is 3/8″ in diameter by 3-5/8″ in length before welding. They can be welded to a flat surface, or to the inside or outside of an angle. Free Shipping over. stud welding operations commencing. Webbing Guides. Nelson Headed Concrete Anchors (H4L) CANSTUD pride's itself on having a large inventory of Nelson Headed Concrete Anchors. Quantity. When welded inside a steel angle, they are called curb anchors. Stud Length: Pounds Per 1000: Pieces Per Box: Pounds Per Box: Pieces Per Pallet: Pounds Per Pallet: 1-1/8: 22:. 2% offset (psi), R e 350 340 485 345 206HSV Stud anchor HSV Stud anchor 09 / 2014 These pages are part of the Anchor Fastening Technology Manual issueSeptember 2014 201 Tension loading The design tensile resistance is the lower value of - Steel resistance: N Rd,s - Concrete pull-out resistance: N Rd,p = N 0 Rd,p f B - Concrete cone resistance: N Rd,c = N 0 Rd,c f B f 1,N fConcrete Embed Anchors. They can be welded to a flat surface, or to the inside or outside of an angle. Sales@NelsonStud. We offer Stud Welding Equipment Sales, Stud Welder Rentals, CD Weld Studs, Drawn Arc Weld Studs, Stud Welding Accessories, and in-house or jobsite installation. The CA10-147-11 is 5/8″ in diameter by 9-3/16″ in length before. From $218. It is made of low carbon steel, ASTM A29, 1010-1020. Weld threaded studs and pins to steel and stainless steel without damaging the opposite side of the material. Stud Welding Systems. Typical connection using deformed bar anchor studs in a precast/prestressed concrete tee. The CA08-066-11 is 1/2″ in diameter by 4-1/8″ in length before welding. The CA10-051-12 is 5/8″ in diameter by 3-3/16″ in length before welding. 1/4 3/8 1/2. STEP 7: Slide the foot assembly into the gun so that a couple inches of the stud stick out past the Weld Thru Deck Ferrule Grip . Bridges. 4. Length is approximately 1/8″ shorter after welding. Ferrules - All ARC Weld Studs are supplied with the correct ferrule for your application, if you do not see the option you are looking for, select other can call for exact. Metric MD Fully Threaded Studs. Nelson ® offers a complete line of portable and feed stud welding systems to meet even the most demanding of stud welding performance requirements. Metric MD Fully Threaded. Weld threaded studs and pins to steel and stainless steel without damaging the opposite side of the material. Source: Nelson Stud Welding, Inc. Unit of measure is Box except for 12" lengths and up. For 3/4" thru 1" Diameters, see Headed Shear Connectors. Headed Anchor Studs are used in all types of concrete connections. They can be welded to a flat surface, or to the inside or outside of an angle. CA06-042-11: Type CA 3/8 x 2-5/8 Headed Concrete Anchor Weld Studs. Atlantic Bolt carries many common sizes of regular weld studs (also called headed concrete anchors, shear connectors, and shear studs). These general purpose concrete anchors are used in all types of concrete connections. 2% offset (psi), R e 51,000 49,000 70,000 50,000 30,000 Ultimate Tensile (psi), R m 65,000 61,000 80,000 75,000 70,000 % Elongation, A 5, in 2” gage length 20 17 N/A 40 40The Headed Anchor Arc Weld Stud, or headed concrete anchor, is a plain shank stud with an oversized "head" for application with arc stud welding equipment. use qualified welders in accordance with aws d1. These anchors meet requirements of the following codes. Post-Installed Anchors. All anchors meet ASTM A108 material specifications and AWS D1. Length is approximately 1/8″ shorter after welding. The anchor pictured is a snap-in sample, which can. Our team of stud welding experts has years of experience providing manufacturers and welders with several products to meet their welding needs. 1" and Head Thickness of approx. They can be welded to a flat surface or to the inside or outside of an angle. The two most common anchors are Epoxy and Grout. 1 structural welding. Embed plates are custom made to order and usually ship within 5 days. 2020 Nelson® Stud Welding . Designed to interconnect the concrete slab to the load bearing steel beams. Stud diameters (D) ½” and under will be approximately 1/8” shorter after weld. First, one must have the proper accessories. Shop our huge selection of OEM, MRO, construction, industrial, and safety products. Concrete Fasteners - It's. They can be welded to a flat surface or to the inside or outside of an angle. 1 Although concepts related to headed-Welding Studs in this selection are unthreaded and each stud comes with a matching ferrule for installations on flat surfaces. For quantity discounts or you don't see the size you need, just give us a call at 800-936-1948! 3/4" Diameter Headed Studs are most commonly used on embed plates and for composite "thru-deck" applications. The CA06-042-11 is 3/8″ in diameter by 2-5/8″ in length before welding. Concrete Anchors 1/4″ Diameter Studs Stud Length Pounds Per 1000 Pieces Per Box Pounds Per Box Pieces Per Pallet Pounds Per Pallet 1-1/8 22 2,000 48 54,000 1,296 2-11/16 43 1,000 45 27,000 1,215 3-1/8 50 1,000 51 27,000. 5 sections 7. Both the Wedge Insert and the Sharktooth Insert are embedded the same way. Home > Products > Weld Studs > CA08-034-11. Nashville, TN, Birmingham, AL, Louisville and Lexington, KY, Atlanta, GA & More. Choose from our selection of steel stud anchors, 18-8 stainless steel stud anchors, weld-on stud anchors, and more. Headed Anchor Studs (HCA) are used in all types of concrete connections. They can be welded to a flat surface or to the inside or outside of an angle. (Deformed Bar Anchors) to cater to your project needs. They can be welded to a flat surface or to the inside or outside of an angle. Pass these studs through a hole and weld them in place. These stud anchors strengthen the parts of buildings where steel framing connects to concrete. Shear connectors also named shear studs, concrete anchors, are typically used in composite steel construction to tie the concrete to steel members and resist shear forces between the concrete slab and steel members. All anchors meet ASTM A108 material specifications and AWS D1. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES. Length is approximately 1/8″ shorter after welding. Fig. Introduction. Download Nelson Stud Technical Brochure 2018. Home > Products > Weld Studs > CA06-034-12. 4. 8 Dec 15 18:22. Stud Welding Systems. High-Temperature AnchoringAdhesives for Concrete. A. On the left is a headed stud that we can say is governed by concrete tension breakout. ; Shear Connectors for interconnecting concrete slabs to load bearing steel beams. ) Elongation. They can be welded to a flat surface, Inside an angle , or on the heel of an angle using a stud welding system. Get a Quote. 850. Length is approximately 1/8″ shorter after welding. steel in order to fully develop a welded stud connection. On the right is a deformed rebar with an embedded length equal to ld per 25. Expert Member. toggle bolts. Shear walls. They are made of plain low carbon steel, have a 1" head and are designed for anchoring. 5/8" will be approximately 3/16" shorter after welding. 3 of ACI 318-14. Headed Concrete Studs, also called Anchors, are used for anchoring steel plates and other shapes into concrete. diameter: 5/8 in. Stud welding gun. Cleveland, OH 44142 (800) 437-1689 Products. • Stud-weldable in accordance with the requirements AWS D1. It is made of low carbon steel, ASTM A29, 1010-1020. 4). AFT offers weld studs with diameters ranging from 3/8" up to 7/8" and. PH 1-800-NEL-WELD E-mail: Nelson. follow d1. 1 Base Metal 6 3. Weld Studs join a stud and another piece of metal together by heating both parts with an arc. Length is approximately 1/8″ shorter after welding. STEP 5: Screw the Arc Legs into the Weld Thru Deck Foot Assembly . See "Headed Concrete Anchors" for 5/8" diameter and below. “kicking back,” which breaks out a crater of concrete behind the stud, as illustrated in Fig. They range in size from ¼” – 5/8” in diameter. Stud welding of. 0. ACI 318-14 17. 6. Home / Weld Studs and Ferrules / Concrete Anchor Studs / Deformed Bar Anchors (D2L) Deformed Bar Anchors (D2L) Categories: Concrete Anchor Studs, Weld Studs and Ferrules Tag: arc stud. H4L Headed Concrete Anchors (HCA) H8L Axle Spring Retainer Studs. Home » Studs » Arc Studs Showing all 21 results Default sorting Sort by popularity Sort by average rating Sort by latest Sort by price: low to high Sort by price: high to lowHeaded & Shear Weld Stud Concrete Anchors . They can be welded to a flat surface or to the inside or outside of an angle. Length is before weld. Home > Products > Weld Studs > CA06-066-12. Embed Studs are used when bolting to solid concrete with no pass-through access. Download the spec sheet. . All 1/2" Weld Studs in this selection have a Head Diameter of approx. Thanks for visiting Stud Welding & Fastners. They can be welded to a flat surface or to the inside or outside of an angle. use qualified welders in accordance with aws d1. These general purpose concrete anchors are used in all types of concrete connections. Length is approximately 1/8″ shorter after welding. On larger steel frames - it is common to pour a pad footing below the slab elevation. Remember that drilling the holes correctly plays a very important factor not only in the installation of the anchor but also in the application of concrete anchor epoxy. Size: ½ x 6-1/8 Ferrules: All orders for studs include required ferrules Length: Length is before weld. catalog including Standard Thread Arc Weld Studs,Full Thread Arc Weld Studs,Full Base Arc Weld Studs,Long Reduced Base Arc Weld Studs,Short Reduced Base Arc Weld Studs,No Thread Arc Weld Studs,Bent. Length is approximately 1/8″ shorter after welding. There are three general types of concrete embed anchors, cast in place, mechanical post-installed and adhesive post-installed. Length: Up to 40′ length in 2″ diameter rods, 24′ in diameters greater than 2″. These general purpose concrete anchors are used in all types of concrete connections. FLUX Weld them to the framing to help it adhere to the concrete and resist sheer forces. Headed anchors are typically used in concrete embedment [email protected](1)(2) requires ½-in. Stud Concrete Anchor. 1 / 2. 1,215 lbs. 5. H4L Headed Concrete Anchors, J2L “J” Bolt studs, and S3L Shear Connectors. 1/4" Headed Concrete Anchors are most commonly used on embed plates and for many other concrete connections. 2% offset (psi), R e 350 340 485 345 206These general purpose concrete anchors are used in all types of concrete connections. 1/2" Headed Concrete Anchors. Date: 9/1/1982. These general purpose concrete anchors, AKA HCA's, are used in all types of concrete connections. These general purpose concrete anchors are used in all types of concrete connections. Headed & Shear Weld Stud Concrete Anchors . FERRULE (ARC SHIELD) FLAT. Replacement Magazine Nose Piece for DFD270. The Headed Anchor Arc Weld Stud, or headed concrete anchor, is a plain shank stud with an oversized "head" for application with arc stud welding equipment. FASTENERS weld gun is activated, a special preci-sion weld tip initiates a controlled electric arc from the welder capacitor bank which melts the end of the stud and a portion of the base metal. They can be welded to a flat surface, inside an angle , or on the heel of an angle using a stud welding system. They can be welded to a flat surface or to the inside or outside of an angle. MILD STEEL. Embed Studs. View Product. 5/. 26. Available in 302, 304, and 316 stainless steel, ASTM. They can be welded to a flat surface, inside an angle , or on the heel of an angle using a stud welding system. They can be welded to a flat surface or to the inside or outside of an angle. Weld Studs are in stock and can also be made to special order in a variety of sizes, alloys and grades. 3/8"-16 Mild Steel Partial Thread ARC Stud - 100 ea. Weld Studs. These general purpose concrete anchors are used in all types of concrete connections. 74 USD. 1/2" DBA - Deformed Bar Anchors. diameter: 1/2 in. We also strive to deliver better service and unmatched expertise. Length is approximately 1/8″ shorter after welding. 20% (in 2 inches) Headed Concrete Anchors are available for welding to flat surfaces, inside angles, and outside angles. 2% offset (psi), Re 51,000 49,000 70,000 35,000 % Elongation, A5, in 2” gage length 20 17 N/A 40 Threaded studs are available in M6, M8, M10, M12, and M16 diameters. The CA10-105-12 is 5/8″ in diameter by 6-9/16″ in length before welding. com 7900 West Ridge Road 1-800-635-9353 Elyria, Ohio 44035 1/04 NELSON STUD WELDING SPECIFICATION: H4L Headed Concrete Anchors (HCA) Nelson headed concrete anchors deliver code specified embedded tension and Weld them to the framing to help it adhere to the concrete and resist sheer forces. $241. 1 B. Unlike a weld stud, deformed bar anchors do not have a head and the bodies of the anchors are dimpled, similar to rebar. Test reports available on request. 5. Headed Studs: Headed shear connectors and headed concrete anchors. Where a fabricator may drill a hole to insert a bolt for an attachment point, a CD Stud can be shot to the attachment side with no. The primary stud families are electrical grounding, large flange for bracket and module mounting, fir tree (coarse thread) for push-on. These general purpose concrete anchors are used in all types of concrete connections. We also have a range of Insulation Pins and Clips in Stainless Steel and Mild Steel. NEW D6L A706 Stud Weldable Rebar. MASON Chemical Injection Anchors; MASON Mechanical Expansion Anchors; Tecfi Fixing System; MASON Insulation Anchors & Accessories; Pre-Cast Anchors. com. Since 1959 Tru-Weld has been an industry leader of weld stud sales and manufacturing. g. 1-3/8. 7/8. The studs have a small bead of “flux” on the end to facilitate good weld contact when using the. These general purpose concrete anchors are used in all types of concrete connections. For similar function studs, see Nelson H4L Headed Concrete Anchors and D2L Deformed Bar Anchors. In stock and ready to ship. 5. Riveting and Self Clinching; Screws; Nuts; Levelers; Pins; Fittings ; Electrodes; Inserts; Brackets; Weld Pads; DIN; About Us. H4L - Concrete Anchor is a type of headed stud that can be welded to steel structures and embedded in concrete. 51. The CA08-130-11 is 1/2″ in diameter by 8-1/8″ in length before welding. This type of stud welded fastener is flux-loaded on the weld end for studwelding in concrete embedment and other applications. Concrete anchor types vary and include concrete screws, hammer-set anchors, lag shields, lead screw anchors, plastic wall plugs, anchor bolts and more. CD Weld Studs. The CA10-083-11 is 5/8″ in diameter by 5-3/16″ in length before welding. Weld Studs. Material – Low carbon steel, ASTM A496. Headed Concrete Anchors are. 3/4" Diameter Headed Shear Connector. The anchors are attached to steel via a drawn arc welding method. Length is approximately 3/16″ shorter after welding. The frame is secured to the stud before the wall is finished with drywall. 3. No need for drilling or welding. 5 section 5 part b. Finish: Plain (black,) Hot Dip Galvanized. Stud diameters (D) 1/2″ and below will be approximately 1/8″ shorter after welding. These general purpose concrete anchors are used in all types of concrete connections. Los Angeles • San Francisco • Seattle • Phoenix Toll Free: 800. Non-cracked concrete Cracked concrete Anchor size M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24 M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24 Tensile NRk HST [kN] 9,0 16,0 20,0 35,0 50,0 60,0 5,0 9,0 12,0 20,0 30,0 40,0. Retail: $26. Item Information . but can be used anytime there is a need to attach steel to a concrete panel or slab. in. 5 and or D1. Products. Stainless Steel Right-Angle Weld Studs. Home > Products > Weld Studs > CA04-066-11. Tru-Weld manufactures weld stud fasteners for a vast variety of applications.